| India 1One-party dominance | - First general election 1951–52: Election Commission under Sukumar Sen, about 17 crore voters, only 15 per cent literate
- Congress won 364 of 489 Lok Sabha seats; the CPI came next with 16
- Kerala 1957: the CPI-led government of E.M.S. Namboodiripad and its dismissal in 1959
- Congress as a coalition of groups and factions; tolerance of internal dissent
- Opposition parties: Socialist Party, CPI, Bharatiya Jana Sangh, Swatantra Party
- One-party dominance
- Faction
- Coalition
| Politics in India Ch 2 |
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| India 2Nation-building | - Partition, displacement and refugee resettlement; Nehru's idea of unity in diversity
- Integration of princely states by Sardar Patel; Hyderabad, Junagadh, Manipur and Kashmir
- Potti Sriramulu's fast and the Andhra state announced in December 1952
- States Reorganisation Commission 1953; Act of 1956 creating 14 states and six union territories
- Later reorganisation: Maharashtra and Gujarat 1960, Nagaland 1963, Punjab and Haryana 1966, Meghalaya, Manipur and Tripura 1972
- Linguistic states
- Princely states
- Instrument of Accession
| Politics in India Ch 1 |
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| India 3Planned development | - The Bombay Plan of 1944 and the Soviet-inspired idea of planning
- Planning Commission set up in March 1950 by a government resolution; replaced by NITI Aayog on 1 January 2015
- First Plan (document released December 1951): agriculture, dams and irrigation
- Second Plan (1956) under P.C. Mahalanobis: heavy industry and rapid industrialisation
- Debates: agriculture versus industry, public versus private sector, and the role of the Planning Commission
- Public sector
- Bombay Plan
- Five-Year Plan
| Politics in India Ch 3 |
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| India 4External relations | - Non-alignment, the Bandung Conference (1955) and NAM
- Panchsheel, signed by Nehru and Zhou Enlai on 29 April 1954; Tibet and the 1962 war
- 1965 war and the Tashkent Agreement (January 1966, Soviet-brokered)
- Indo-Soviet Treaty of Peace and Friendship (August 1971), the 1971 war and the Shimla Agreement (3 July 1972)
- Nuclear tests of May 1974 and May 1998; India's refusal to sign the NPT
- Non-alignment
- Panchsheel
- NPT
| Politics in India Ch 4 |
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| India 5Congress system | - Succession: Lal Bahadur Shastri (1964) and Indira Gandhi (1966); K. Kamaraj and the Syndicate
- Ram Manohar Lohia's non-Congressism; 1967 losses in nine states; DMK's majority in Madras
- Defections and 'Aya Ram, Gaya Ram' (Gaya Lal, Haryana, 1967)
- 1969 presidential election: V.V. Giri defeats the official candidate N. Sanjeeva Reddy; Congress (O) and Congress (R)
- Bank nationalisation, abolition of privy purses, 1971 Grand Alliance and garibi hatao
- Syndicate
- Non-Congressism
- Defection
- Garibi hatao
| Politics in India Ch 5 |
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| India 6Constitutional crisis | - Committed bureaucracy and judiciary; Kesavananda Bharati and supersession of judges
- Navnirman movement in Gujarat (January 1974) and the Bihar movement (March 1974) led by Jayaprakash Narayan
- Allahabad High Court verdict of 12 June 1975 on Raj Narain's petition
- Emergency of 25 June 1975 under Article 352; censorship, preventive detention, 42nd Amendment
- Shah Commission; March 1977 elections, Janata Party and Morarji Desai; civil liberties groups
- Article 352
- Preventive detention
- Shah Commission
| Politics in India Ch 6 |
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| India 7Regional aspirations | - Jammu and Kashmir: accession, Sheikh Abdullah, internal and external dimensions of the dispute
- Punjab: Anandpur Sahib Resolution, Operation Blue Star, anti-Sikh violence of 1984, Rajiv Gandhi–Longowal accord of 1985
- North-East: demands for autonomy, the Mizo movement and the 1986 Rajiv Gandhi–Laldenga accord, the Assam movement and AASU
- Dravidian movement and the accommodation of regional demands; Sikkim and Goa
- Regionalism
- Anandpur Sahib Resolution
- Accord
| Politics in India Ch 7 |
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| India 8Democratic upsurge and coalitions | - 1989: National Front government supported from outside by both the BJP and the Left
- Mandal Commission (set up 1978, report 1980, 27 per cent OBC reservation); implementation in August 1990; Indira Sawhney case (1992)
- United Front government of 1996, supported by the Congress; NDA governments from 1998
- UPA governments from 2004; BJP majorities of its own in 2014 and 2019
- Growing consensus among parties on key policies
- Coalition government
- Mandal Commission
- National Front
| Politics in India Ch 8 |
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| India 9Recent issues | - New economic policy of 1991 and opposition to it
- Rise of OBC politics in north India; Karpoori Thakur's reservation policy in Bihar
- Dalit politics: Kanshi Ram, BAMCEF and the Bahujan Samaj Party
- The Ayodhya issue and its political effects, including the Supreme Court verdict announced on 9 November 2019
| Politics in India Ch 8; Contemporary World Politics Ch 7 |
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| World 1End of bipolarity | - Soviet system and its weaknesses; Gorbachev (General Secretary from 1985) and his reforms
- December 1991: Russia, Ukraine and Belarus under Yeltsin declare the USSR disbanded; formation of the CIS
- Russia as the successor state, inheriting the Soviet UN Security Council seat
- Shock therapy backed by the World Bank and IMF, the 'largest garage sale in history'
- Conflicts in Chechnya and the Balkans; India–Russia relations
- Shock therapy
- CIS
- Bipolarity
| Contemporary World Politics Ch 1 |
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| World 2Alternative power centres | - European integration: Marshall Plan, OEEC, Council of Europe (1949), EEC (1957), Maastricht Treaty (7 February 1992)
- ASEAN founded in 1967 by five states through the Bangkok Declaration; the ASEAN Way; ASEAN Regional Forum (1994)
- China's open door policy under Deng Xiaoping from 1978
- Japan and South Korea as economic powers
- India's Look East (1990s) and Act East (2014) policies; India–China relations
- ASEAN Way
- Maastricht Treaty
- Open door policy
| Contemporary World Politics Ch 2 |
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| World 3South Asia | - Pakistan: Ayub Khan, military coups and civilian rule since 2008
- Nepal: monarchy abolished in 2008, new constitution in 2015; Bhutan a constitutional monarchy from 2008
- Sri Lanka: Sinhala majoritarianism, the LTTE, the 1987 accord and the IPKF (withdrawn 1989)
- Bangladesh and India: Farakka Treaty on Ganga waters (1996)
- SAARC Charter (Dhaka, December 1985); SAFTA signed in Islamabad (January 2004)
| Contemporary World Politics Ch 3 |
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| World 4International organisations | - UN founded in 1945; 51 original members; 193 members by 2011
- Security Council: five permanent members with veto; reform debates and India's case
- IMF, World Bank, WTO and IAEA: purpose and decision-making
- NGOs such as Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch
| Contemporary World Politics Ch 4 |
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| World 5Security | - Traditional security: deterrence, defence, balance of power, alliances
- Arms control and disarmament: ABM Treaty, SALT, START, NPT, Chemical Weapons Convention
- Cooperative security and non-traditional threats
- Human security: global poverty, health epidemics, migration, refugees and internally displaced people
- Deterrence
- Human security
- Cooperative security
| Contemporary World Politics Ch 5 |
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| World 6Environment and resources | - Club of Rome's Limits to Growth (1972); Brundtland Report Our Common Future (1987)
- Earth Summit at Rio de Janeiro (June 1992) and Agenda 21
- Global commons: atmosphere, Antarctica, ocean floor, outer space
- Kyoto Protocol (1997); exemption of India and China; India ratified it in August 2002
- Common property resources such as sacred groves; indigenous peoples and resource geopolitics
- Global commons
- Agenda 21
- Common but differentiated responsibilities
| Contemporary World Politics Ch 6 |
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| World 7Globalisation | - Causes of globalisation: technology and the flow of ideas, capital, goods and people
- Political effects on state capacity; economic effects; cultural homogenisation (McDonaldisation) and heterogenisation
- India and globalisation since 1991
- Resistance: the World Social Forum (first met at Porto Alegre; met in Mumbai in 2004) and critics from the left and right
- McDonaldisation
- World Social Forum
- Cultural heterogenisation
| Contemporary World Politics Ch 7 |
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