| 1Unit 1: Electrostatics | - Coulomb's law F = kq₁q₂/r², superposition, quantisation and conservation of charge
- Field of a point charge and a dipole; torque τ = pE sin θ on a dipole in a uniform field
- Gauss's law and fields of an infinite wire (λ/2πε₀r), a plane sheet (σ/2ε₀) and a thin spherical shell (zero inside)
- Potential V = kq/r, equipotential surfaces, potential energy of two charges and of a dipole (−pE cos θ)
- Capacitance C = ε₀A/d, effect of a dielectric (C = Kε₀A/d), series and parallel combinations
- Energy stored U = ½CV² = Q²/2C; electrostatics of conductors
- Electric flux
- Equipotential surface
- Dielectric constant
- Polarisation
| Ch 1–2 |
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| 2Unit 2: Current electricity | - I = neAv_d, drift velocity, relaxation time and mobility; resistivity ρ = m/(ne²τ)
- Ohm's law, its limitations and non-linear V–I graphs; temperature dependence ρ = ρ₀[1 + α(T − T₀)]
- Power P = VI = I²R = V²/R and electrical energy
- EMF, internal resistance and terminal voltage V = ε − Ir; cells in series and in parallel
- Kirchhoff's junction and loop rules; balanced Wheatstone bridge P/Q = R/S
- Drift velocity
- Mobility
- Internal resistance
- Wheatstone bridge
| Ch 3 |
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| 3Unit 3: Magnetism | - Biot–Savart law and field at the centre and axis of a circular loop; Ampere's law for a long wire and a solenoid (B = μ₀nI)
- Lorentz force F = q(v × B), circular motion r = mv/qB; force between parallel currents and the definition of the ampere
- Magnetic moment m = NIA, torque τ = m × B; galvanometer current sensitivity
- Converting a galvanometer: low shunt in parallel for an ammeter, high resistance in series for a voltmeter
- Bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid; dipole field on the axis and the equator
- Dia-, para- and ferromagnetism, susceptibility, Curie's law and the Curie temperature
- Lorentz force
- Shunt
- Magnetic susceptibility
- Curie temperature
| Ch 4–5 |
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| 4Unit 4: Induction and AC | - Magnetic flux, Faraday's law ε = −dΦ/dt, Lenz's law and motional emf ε = Blv
- Self-inductance, mutual inductance and energy stored ½LI²
- Peak and rms values (I_rms = I₀/√2); X_L = ωL, X_C = 1/ωC, impedance Z = √(R² + (X_L − X_C)²)
- Resonance ω₀ = 1/√(LC), power P = V_rms I_rms cos φ, power factor and wattless current
- AC generator emf NBAω sin ωt; transformer ratio V_s/V_p = N_s/N_p and energy losses
- Lenz's law
- Impedance
- Resonance
- Power factor
| Ch 6–7 |
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| 5Unit 5: Electromagnetic waves | - Displacement current i_d = ε₀ dΦ_E/dt and why it keeps Ampere's law consistent
- EM waves: E and B perpendicular to each other and to the direction of travel, c = 1/√(μ₀ε₀), E₀/B₀ = c
- Order of the spectrum by wavelength: radio, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma rays
- Uses: radar and microwave ovens, infrared remotes and greenhouse effect, UV and the ozone layer, X-ray diagnosis, gamma rays in medicine
- Displacement current
- Transverse wave
- Electromagnetic spectrum
| Ch 8 |
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| 6Unit 6: Optics | - Mirror formula 1/v + 1/u = 1/f, refraction, Snell's law, critical angle and optical fibres
- Refraction at a spherical surface, thin-lens formula, lens maker's formula, power P = 1/f and lenses in contact (P = P₁ + P₂)
- Prism: angle of minimum deviation and dispersion
- Compound microscope and astronomical telescope (refracting and reflecting) magnifying powers
- Huygens' principle; coherent sources; fringe width β = λD/d in Young's double-slit experiment
- Single-slit diffraction: angular width of central maximum 2λ/a
- Critical angle
- Lens maker's formula
- Fringe width
- Coherent sources
| Ch 9–10 |
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| 7Unit 7: Dual nature | - Hertz and Lenard observations; work function and threshold frequency
- Einstein's equation K_max = hν − φ₀ = eV₀; photon energy E = hc/λ (hc ≈ 1240 eV nm)
- Experimental study: photocurrent versus intensity, stopping potential versus frequency (slope h/e)
- Why wave theory fails to explain instantaneous emission and threshold frequency
- de Broglie wavelength λ = h/p = h/√(2mK); for an electron accelerated through V volts λ ≈ 1.227/√V nm
- Work function
- Stopping potential
- Threshold frequency
- Matter wave
| Ch 11 |
|---|
| 8Unit 8: Atoms and nuclei | - Alpha-particle scattering, impact parameter and why most alpha particles pass undeflected
- Bohr's postulates; r_n ∝ n², v_n ∝ 1/n, E_n = −13.6/n² eV; spectral series qualitatively
- Nuclear radius R = R₀A^(1/3) and the constant nuclear density
- Isotopes, isobars and isotones; properties of the nuclear force
- Mass defect, E = mc² (1 u ≈ 931.5 MeV), binding energy per nucleon curve peaking near iron
- Fission and fusion as energy releases explained from the curve
- Impact parameter
- Mass defect
- Binding energy per nucleon
- Isotones
| Ch 12–13 |
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| 9Unit 9: Electronic devices | - Valence and conduction bands and band gap (qualitative only)
- Intrinsic semiconductors (n_e = n_h); n-type with pentavalent and p-type with trivalent dopants
- p–n junction formation: diffusion, drift, depletion layer and barrier potential
- Forward and reverse bias I–V characteristics, knee voltage and reverse saturation current
- Half-wave and full-wave rectifiers; output ripple frequency equal to and double the input frequency
- Depletion layer
- Majority carriers
- Barrier potential
- Rectifier
| Ch 14 |
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