| IUnit I: Solutions | - Molarity, molality, mole fraction, mass percentage and ppm
- Henry's law p = K_H x and its applications; Raoult's law for volatile and non-volatile solutes
- Ideal and non-ideal solutions; positive and negative deviations and minimum- or maximum-boiling azeotropes
- Relative lowering of vapour pressure, ΔT_b = iK_b m, ΔT_f = iK_f m, osmotic pressure π = iCRT
- van't Hoff factor i for association and dissociation; abnormal molar masses; reverse osmosis
- Molality
- Azeotrope
- van't Hoff factor
- Osmotic pressure
| Unit 1 |
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| IIUnit II: Electrochemistry | - Cell notation, standard hydrogen electrode, E°cell = E°cathode − E°anode
- Nernst equation; ΔG° = −nFE°cell and log K = nE°cell/0.059 at 298 K
- Conductivity κ, molar conductivity Λm = κ × 1000/C and their variation with dilution
- Kohlrausch's law of independent migration and finding Λ°m of weak electrolytes
- Faraday's laws (1 F = 96500 C mol⁻¹), products of electrolysis
- Dry cell, mercury cell, lead storage battery, H₂–O₂ fuel cell and rusting as an electrochemical process
- Nernst equation
- Molar conductivity
- Kohlrausch's law
- Faraday constant
| Unit 2 |
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| IIIUnit III: Chemical kinetics | - Average and instantaneous rate; rate expressed through any reactant or product
- Rate law, rate constant units for different orders, order versus molecularity
- Zero order [R] = [R]₀ − kt and t½ = [R]₀/2k; first order k = (2.303/t) log([R]₀/[R]) and t½ = 0.693/k
- Pseudo-first-order reactions such as acid hydrolysis of ethyl acetate and inversion of cane sugar
- Arrhenius equation k = Ae^(−Ea/RT), effect of a catalyst, collision theory and its limits
- Molecularity
- Half-life
- Activation energy
- Pseudo-first order
| Unit 3 |
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| IVUnit IV: d- and f-block elements | - Configurations, including exceptions such as Cr 3d⁵4s¹ and Cu 3d¹⁰4s¹; why Zn, Cd and Hg are not typical transition elements
- Atomic radii, lanthanoid contraction (Zr and Hf of almost equal size), ionisation enthalpy and variable oxidation states
- E° trends for M²⁺/M and M³⁺/M²⁺; stability of higher oxidation states in oxides and fluorides
- Spin-only magnetic moment μ = √(n(n + 2)) BM, coloured ions, catalysis, interstitial compounds and alloys
- Preparation and oxidising reactions of K₂Cr₂O₇ and KMnO₄
- Lanthanoids (+3 common state) and actinoids: comparison and applications
- Lanthanoid contraction
- Spin-only moment
- Interstitial compound
- Actinoids
| Unit 4 |
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| VUnit V: Coordination compounds | - Werner's primary and secondary valences; double salts versus complexes
- Ligands (denticity, ambidentate, chelate), coordination number, homoleptic and heteroleptic complexes
- IUPAC nomenclature and formulas; geometrical, optical, linkage, coordination and ionisation isomerism
- VBT: inner-orbital (d²sp³) and outer-orbital (sp³d²) complexes, dsp² and sp³ four-coordinate cases
- CFT splitting Δo, high spin versus low spin, spectrochemical series, colour and magnetism
- Synergic bonding in metal carbonyls; complexes in analysis, metallurgy and medicine (cisplatin, EDTA)
- Ambidentate ligand
- Chelate
- Spectrochemical series
- Synergic bonding
| Unit 5 |
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| VIUnit VI: Haloalkanes and haloarenes | - Preparation from alcohols, by free-radical halogenation, halogen exchange (Finkelstein, Swarts) and Sandmeyer reaction
- SN1 versus SN2: order, carbocation stability, inversion (Walden) and racemisation
- Chirality, enantiomers, optical activity and retention versus inversion of configuration
- Elimination (Saytzeff rule), Wurtz, Wurtz–Fittig and Fittig reactions, Grignard reagents
- Low reactivity of haloarenes; electrophilic substitution at ortho and para positions
- CH₂Cl₂, CHCl₃ (phosgene risk), CHI₃, CCl₄, freons and DDT
- SN2 inversion
- Racemisation
- Saytzeff rule
- Freons
| Unit 6 |
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| VIIUnit VII: Alcohols, phenols and ethers | - Preparation: hydration of alkenes, hydroboration–oxidation, reduction of carbonyls, Grignard reagents; phenol from cumene and diazonium salts
- Hydrogen bonding and boiling points; acidity order ethanol < water < phenol < nitrophenols
- Reactions of the O–H and C–O bonds: esterification, Lucas test, dehydration, oxidation with PCC
- Phenol: Kolbe's reaction, Reimer–Tiemann reaction, nitration and bromination, oxidation to benzoquinone
- Williamson ether synthesis and cleavage of ethers by HI; methanol and ethanol production and toxicity
- Lucas test
- Kolbe's reaction
- Reimer–Tiemann reaction
- Williamson synthesis
| Unit 7 |
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| VIIIUnit VIII: Aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acids | - Preparation: Rosenmund reduction, Stephen reaction, Etard reaction, Gatterman–Koch reaction, ozonolysis
- Nucleophilic addition (HCN, NaHSO₃, Grignard), addition–elimination with ammonia derivatives
- Aldol condensation (α-hydrogen needed) and Cannizzaro reaction (no α-hydrogen)
- Clemmensen and Wolff–Kishner reductions; Tollens' and Fehling's tests; haloform reaction
- Carboxylic acid acidity and effect of substituents; HVZ reaction, decarboxylation, uses
- Aldol condensation
- Cannizzaro reaction
- Tollens' reagent
- HVZ reaction
| Unit 8 |
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| IXUnit IX: Amines | - Preparation: reduction of nitro compounds, ammonolysis, Gabriel phthalimide synthesis, Hoffmann bromamide degradation
- Basicity: Kb and pKb; order in water for methylamines (CH₃)₂NH > CH₃NH₂ > (CH₃)₃N > NH₃; aniline as a weak base
- Hinsberg's test, carbylamine reaction, acylation and reaction with nitrous acid
- Electrophilic substitution in aniline and the role of protecting the –NH₂ group
- Diazotisation and replacement reactions (Sandmeyer, Gattermann), azo coupling to dyes
- Gabriel synthesis
- Hinsberg's reagent
- Diazotisation
- Carbylamine test
| Unit 9 |
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| XUnit X: Biomolecules | - Glucose: preparation, open-chain evidence and the observations that need the cyclic (pyranose) form; anomers
- Fructose (furanose), D/L configuration; sucrose (invert sugar), maltose, lactose; starch, cellulose, glycogen
- Essential and non-essential amino acids, zwitterions, peptide bond, primary to quaternary structure, denaturation
- Enzymes as biocatalysts; vitamins (fat- and water-soluble) and their deficiency diseases
- DNA and RNA: bases, nucleosides, nucleotides, double helix; hormones and their functions
- Anomers
- Zwitterion
- Denaturation
- Nucleotide
| Unit 10 |
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